The answer to this question, as to the others raised above, may depend in part on the status of the particular school as public (state-supported) or private. Core questions These views in some ways challenge philosophy generally, and so a thorough treatment of these criticisms would involve issues in ethics, epistemology, philosophy of politics, and theories of meaning and truth, to name a few. What is it exactly to think critically, and why should educators hold it in such high esteem? A goal for both is an explanation that leads to prediction and control of phenomena. This essay will discuss two research philosophies. This is typically guaranteed as a right but is balanced with other rights and freedoms such as security of person and the right to human dignity. Relatedly, many feminist philosophers of education have questioned the focus traditional approaches to the philosophy of education place on those skills that are exercised in the public domainskills such as reason, objectivity, and impartiality. Social epistemology. Proponents of constructivism-interpretivism emphasize the goal of understanding the lived experiences (Erlebnis) from the point of view of those who live it day to day (Schwandt, 1994, 2000). Pragmatism is about what you do and why you do it. Following is a partial list, with references for further reading. In philosophy, you should question everything and never take anything for face value. Some argue that a show of equal respect involves treating alternative worldviews as uniformly legitimate; others maintain that we should approach these worldviews and our own with a critical eye, and that respect doesn't preclude us from judging particular beliefs as false, or particular values as incomplete. What are the proper criteria for evaluating educational efforts, institutions, practices, and products? One of the adverse effects of this is fever. In approaching these questions about the individual, society, and education, there is a general conflict between a more liberal viewpoint of the aim of educationin which the independence of the individual is stressed over the good of the societyand a more communitarian viewin which the individual's far-reaching dependence on and obligation to society has weight. they are disposed or inclined to be guided by reasons so evaluatedi.e., to judge and act in accordance with the results of such reasoned evaluations. While these issues largely involve questions in ethics and political philosophy, they are also informed by other philosophical concerns. We see again a resistance to the kind of moral absolutism or imperialism that some think necessary to justify teaching any one particular set of values to students, and again we see concerns regarding indoctrination:are attempts to teach students to think effectively about moral issues tacit forms of proselytization? Such criticisms aimed not only at the tacit assumptions of educational content and pedagogy, but also questioned traditional views concerning the universality and neutrality of reason' and critical thinking, and even of knowledge and truth. Philosophers of education generally agree that instilling critical thinking skills and rationality in students should be an aim of education, if nottheaim. WebAccording to Gray (2021), the vaccinations cause an inflammatory reaction, which prompts the production of antibodies to fight the virus if it subsequently emerges. Is the freedom of students rightly curtailed by the state? What are advantages and disadvantages of privatization? Plato quoted-Good actions give strength to ourselves and in spire good actions in others; one good deed spreads like wild flowers. show more content, This is where philosophy is integrated. WebRestricts ideas Some forms of education blindly impose ideas upon young minds instead of teaching them to think for themselves. Copyright 2000-2022. Does critical thinking presuppose conceptions of truth, knowledge, or justification that are objective and universal, or is it compatible with more relativistic accounts emphasizing culture, race, class, gender, or conceptual framework? For example, questions of metaphysics (e.g.,how are 'groups"to be individuated and understood? The issue of legitimate authority has been raised recently in the United States in connection with the practice of standardized testing, which some critics believe discriminates against the children of some racial, cultural, religious, or ethnic groups (because the test questions rely, implicitly or explicitly, on various culturally specific cues or assumptions that members of some groups may not understand or accept). Social Constructivist-interpretist holds the hypothesis that folks seek an understanding of the world in which they work and inhibit, Creswell (2009). Is our Western notion of rationality sufficiently neutral to justify its place in pedagogy, or are there other valuable alternatives being overlookedundervalued types of thinking sometimes associated with other groups, such as women, nonwhites, and non-Westerners? These questions lead to limitless possibilities, broadened horizons, and freedom from what we know. For example, some feminist philosophers argue that it is important for boys and girls to master both masculine and feminine roles and abilities. WebEducation should be experiential: Counts believed that education should be experiential and involve hands-on, real-world learning. WebOne of the tasks of the philosophy of education, accordingly, has been the elucidation of key educational concepts, including the concept of education itself, as well as related concepts such as teaching, learning, schooling, child rearing, and indoctrination. Philosophy is a very important part of peoples lives. We do not study philosophy. Philosophy is not a science. It is an activity to clarify logically the thoughts. We study Philosophers and their app These accounts all result in a particular picture of indoctrination: the indoctrinated student has beliefs that have not been subjected to rational scrutiny; critical thinking did not play a role in the adoption of these beliefs. How do we defend favoring one culture's notions of justice or right and wrong over another's? WebThe term "progressive education" refers to the education principles proposed in the late 19th century by John Dewey. It is common to evaluate the success of both teachers and students with high-stakes standardized tests. Is the public school system rightly entitled to the power it exercises in establishing curricula that parents might find objectionablee.g., science curricula that mandate the teaching of human evolution but not creationism or intelligent design and literature curricula that mandate the teaching of novels dealing with sexual themes? To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Plato speaks through Socrates in the book, and Socrates gets involved in many challenging debates and philosophical conversations with people along his journeys, allowing him to strengthen his habits of mind. About a decade after graduating, I ran into one of my old lecturers. He had been a Polish refugee during the war, and had studied at the Jagielloni While representatives have the ability to differentiate between what they believe is right or wrong, most general ideas remain the same. But it can also be asked whether private schools should enjoy more authority with respect to curricular matters than public schools do, particularly in cases where they receive state subsidies of one form or another. Education, Philosophy of. Abstract This article reflects on different conceptions of educational philosophy, their strengths and weaknesses. At least in the early stages of development (and perhaps in the later stages too), students lack the cognitive capacities to challenge, evaluate, or critically consider that which they are taught. The quota system in Malaysia can be the best example. In conclusion, this essay has discussed two philosophies, i.e. As with multicultural and postmodern schools of educational philosophy, feminism is beset with its own share of internal conflict. Feminism To better understand philosophy we must look throughout history. *You can also browse our support articles here >. There are always two sides to every coin as there are different ways of looking at things, is what philosophy teaches us. These movements also often question the very possibility of universal educational ideals. At least in the early stages of development (and perhaps in the later stages too), students lack the cognitive capacities to challenge, evaluate, or critically consider that which they are taught. Should there be just one common curriculum for all students, or should the curriculum any one student follows be tailored to his or her special combination of interests and abilities, as John Dewey recommended? What is it exactly to think critically, and why should educators hold it in such high esteem? Few choices are made empirically. WebThe Progressive Teaching Philosophy is a philosophy of teaching that values student-centered learning and the use of inquiry, problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity Not only do I find this to be the major benefit of philosophy in my life, but in the lives of every cognizant being. For example, election years. At this level, qualitative research involves a naturalistic, interpretive approach to the world. 1,There are infinite answers to everything 2,Everything is correct 3,all are possible options 4,if you try to figure something out, your just lead Existentialism also encourages us to face death and our own mortality head-on. Like feminists and multiculturalists, postmodern philosophers do not speak with a single voice. What justifies the demands that teachers place on students? are all relevant matters. More generally, what epistemological assumptions underlie (or should underlie) the notion of critical thinking? Both perspectives emphasize cause- effect linkages of phenomena that can be studied, identified, and generalized, and both paradigms proffer an objective, detached researcher role. social constructivism and post-positivism. Such views will be extracted from CEO, managers and staff as the researcher visits the context and seek an understanding of leadership styles prevailing at Risxcel, however such an understanding can only be made possible by seeking the views and perceived experiences of those working on leadership positions at the college. Can we separate the notion of truth from the prescriptions of those in power? Also, some religious families where the forefathers were morally upright, individuals in the same background tend to support good morals (Doetzel. After analysis, one must contend with writing a lengthy piece of work as evidence must substantiate claims and quotes from population study inherently increase the length of the study (Creswell 1998:17). Emergency Information From this point of view, this research will require an understanding community, i.e. He further believed that these lived experiences may be outside the immediate awareness of the individual but could be brought to consciousness. Answering such questions inevitably leads us to issues in moral epistemology, which is concerned with the epistemic status of moral claims and judgments. Feminist, multiculturalist, and postmodern criticisms. Although this clarificatory task has sometimes been pursued overzealouslyespecially during the period of so-called ordinary language analysis in the 1960s and 70s, when much work in the field seemed to lose sight of the basic normative issues to which these concepts were relevantit remains the case that work in the philosophy of education, as in other areas of philosophy, must rely at least in part on conceptual clarification. These accounts generally agree that critical thinkers share at least the following two characteristics: Beyond this basic agreement lie a host of contentious issues. WebAdvantages of Situational Ethics. In addition to the issues noted above post positivism and its research strategies would not be appropriate for the research project because post-positivist assumptions hold true more for quantitative research than qualitative research which is called sometimes the scientific method (Creswell 2009). All rights reserved. These are all complex matters, involving philosophical questions concerning the nature of the mind, the aims and legitimate means of education, the psychology of learning, the organizational demands of schooling, and a host of other matters to which social-scientific research is relevant. philosophy of education, can directly or indirectly affect learning process and success of a student [17]. One group of issues is epistemological in nature. The relativity of the theories, to the time period, is a very important factor in how efficient these theories they were. Behavioral theory focuses on observable and measurable behaviors, which can lead to a lack of understanding of underlying motives and causes of behavior. Relatedly, many feminist philosophers of education have questioned the focus traditional approaches to the philosophy of education place on those skills that are exercised in the public domainskills such as reason, objectivity, and impartiality. Is education itself merely a tool by which those in power maintain social and economic inequalities? Should schools encourage students to be reflective and critical generally, or should they refrain from encouraging students to subject their own ways of life to critical scrutiny? Retrieved September 10, 2007, from Encyclopadia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-36386. This site organized and edited by Haley Mathis; please send questions and comments [email protected]. It uses rules to provide a framework but allows people to break rules to reflect lifes. He states that The value of philosophy is, in fact, to be sought largely in its very uncertainty. This can relate to the Milesians, the answers they came up with werent important, but the process used to get them. It is how the laws are made and it is the model used to determine what is considered acceptable behavior or morally right and wrong. Critics of this notion argue that it is not a parent's right to control the educational fate of their children, and furthermore that the intolerant religious traditions of some could serve to undermine a reasonably democratic multicultural society. Like feminists and multiculturalists, postmodern philosophers do not speak with a single voice. Philosophy has made this a benefit in my personal life because I was required to do my own research and interpret things in my own way rather than listen to what people tell me to believe in or understand things the way other people understand them. Thus a distinguishing characteristic of constructivism is the centrality of the interaction between the investigator and the object of investigation. But if we are to take such accounts seriously, we must also consider whether or not indoctrination can be avoidedand if it cannot, whether we should be so quick to eschew it. Feminist, multiculturalist, and postmodern philosophers of education all call into doubt underlying premises of modern pedagogy and philosophy, highlighting their inescapably political nature. In approaching these questions about the individual, society, and education, there is a general conflict between a more liberal viewpoint of the aim of educationin which the independence of the individual is stressed over the good of the societyand a more communitarian viewin which the individual's far-reaching dependence on and obligation to society has weight. This site is hosted by UM, with generous financial help from the university's Ethics Programs, to provide resources for those interested in the aims and methods of education, and to highlight our own commitment to excellence in this field. Do they encourage teachers to only 'teach to the test, to students' detriment? There are a number of basic philosophical problems and tasks that have occupied philosophers of education throughout the history of the subject. Treating the content of the beliefs impartedcontent that does not admit of rational support or that is to be believed independently of such support. The answer to this question, as to the others raised above, may depend in part on the status of the particular school as public (state-supported) or private. How should we determine whether a student has learned enough, and how much actually qualifies as 'enough? Everything that we do in life, it is all based around our goal that we want ourselves to attain. They share in the project of uncovering the relations of power in educational theory and practice, often aiming at a more comprehensive account of education, one informed by the values and beliefs of those groups that are traditionally ignored or excluded. Critics of this notion argue that it is not a parent's right to control the educational fate of their children, and furthermore that the intolerant religious traditions of some could serve to undermine a reasonably democratic multicultural society. Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. Web4 Philosophy and the Teacher Realism and Idealism are fundamentally opposing views, and a teacher's philosophy will be evident in the classroom. In such controversial cases, what power should members of allegedly disadvantaged groups have to protect their children from discrimination or injustice? While solely religion can effect somebodys personal beliefs in what is right and wrong, often times it is only philosophy that can truly define why somebody believes something is right and wrong. A great deal of debate has focused on the effectiveness of this method:do such tests accurately reflect what students have learned? Indeed, the topic of the research project need to be explored in detail and as (Creswell, 1998) notes; qualitative research is the method suitable for research topics with no easily identified variables or explanations for behaviour and requiring explorations to be carried out. They teach the concepts of good thoughts and deeds in the society. On the other hand, Dewey and many other psychologists and educators have held that learning is most effective when students take an active part in their educations, engaging in self-directed discovery and learning. We see again a resistance to the kind of moral absolutism or imperialism that some think necessary to justify teaching any one particular set of values to students, and again we see concerns regarding indoctrination:are attempts to teach students to think effectively about moral issues tacit forms of proselytization? Overview Multiculturalist philosophers stress the importance of diversity in education and educational theory. The college entrance exam or a payable job will not be the only future life. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Feminist philosophers of education critique traditional and often tacitly male-oriented perspectives on the appropriate aims and methodology of education. Identifying a universal aim of education would go a long way towards resolving this conflict: the traditional approach is one in which critical thinking is cultivated in both spheres, but recent emphasis has turned to matters of fostering autonomy in students. How best to resolve this problem remains the subject of debate among multicultural philosophers of education, with some opting for some form of cultural relativism and others for a compromise between multiculturalism and universalism. Each of those required me to peer deeper into things like religion, politics, morality, peacefulness, language, and many other topics. How should we determine whether a student has learned enough, and how much actually qualifies as 'enough? By definition, freedom of speech applies to speech that people find uncomfortable, wrong or deeply offensive. This can result in lower educational standards and teaching wages, with those training for teaching roles being beaten by people with specific skills in the industry. show more content, This is directly linked to the two benefits that I discussed earlier, since each of them have allowed me to become more educated on those certain topics such as my personal beliefs and my ability to be open-minded. Overview In this case, it is anticipated that being informed and directed of the post positivist paradigm would have make the study somewhat people -less (Kitchin 2006: 6) as it ignores their views and beliefs within a study population otherwise highly charged with these, given the subject of leadership. Given that the research project will be using qualitative research strategies, a definition may be crucial at this point. Philosophers of education and educational theorists also argue whether critical thinking is relevantly 'neutral" with respect to the groups who use it, or if it is in fact politically or culturally biased. School of Education and Human Development, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, Division of Continuing and International Education, they are able to reason welli.e., to construct and evaluate various reasons that have been or can be offered for or against candidate beliefs, judgments, and actions; and. They were called this because they were in a time period before Socrates was born. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! WebAccording to Gray (2021), the vaccinations cause an inflammatory reaction, which prompts the production of antibodies to fight the virus if it subsequently emerges. Web3. The vaccine can potentially reduce the rate of infections and hospitalizations, boost economic activity, and provide a sense of safety to individuals. Is the public school system rightly entitled to the power it exercises in establishing curricula that parents might find objectionableas with the teaching of biological evolution instead of intelligent design, or the teaching of literature with themes parents find unsuitable? Is the freedom of students rightly curtailed by the state? Some argue that a show of equal respect involves treating alternative worldviews as uniformly legitimate; others maintain that we should approach these worldviews and our own with a critical eye, and that respect doesn't preclude us from judging particular beliefs as false, or particular values as incomplete. What this entails, however, is the subject of much debate. WebThe teaching philosophy should be one of facilitation and interaction in order to allow for the construction of own understanding and meaning. It becomes paramount for post-positivists the development of numeric measures of observations and the study of the behaviour for individuals (Creswell 2009). Others object to these categories in the first place. The most basic problem of philosophy of education is that concerning aims: what are the proper aims and guiding ideals of education? ), and other areas of philosophy, social science, and law. What makes a reason, in this sense, good or bad? Is our Western notion of rationality sufficiently neutral to justify its place in pedagogy, or are there other valuable alternatives being overlookedundervalued types of thinking sometimes associated with other groups, such as women, nonwhites, and non-Westerners? These views in some ways challenge philosophy generally, and so a thorough treatment of these criticisms would involve issues in ethics, epistemology, philosophy of politics, and theories of meaning and truth, to name a few. Philosophers will ask, seek answers, and argue the answers to the questions they are seeking the truth for. What justifies the state in compelling children to attend school? Not to mention, it's absolutely fascinating. Philosophers of education and educational theorists also argue whether critical thinking is relevantly 'neutral" with respect to the groups who use it, or if it is in fact politically or culturally biased. The first philosophers ideas to people today would be considered either very basic, or insane. individual in depth views and focus groups, will therefore utilized in this research as they allow the researcher to extract participants views, experiences, beliefs on the subject of leadership This being the case, quantitative research strategies, which are informed of post positivism would inappropriate as will be further discussed below. Some argue that parents should have ultimate authority regarding their children's educations, on the grounds that parents are more trustworthy, and in a more legitimate position of authority, than any government officials could be.
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